Dr. Sinuhe Arroyo

Sinuhe Arroyo, Miguel-Angel Sicilia and

"Ontology and Grammar of the SOPHIE Choreography Conceptual Framework - An ontological model for Knowledge Management".

Ontologies have been recognized as a fundamental infrastructure for advanced approaches to Knowledge Management (KM) automation in SOA. Building services communicate with each other by exchanging self-contained messages. Depending on the specific requirements of the business model they serve and the application domain for which services were deployed, a number of mismatches (i.e. sequence and cardinality of messages exchanges, structure and format of messages and content semantics), can occur which prevent interoperation among a prior compatible services. Existing choreography technologies attempt to model such external visible behavior. However, they lack the consistent semantic support required to fully meet the necessities of heterogeneous KM environments. This paper describes the ontology and grammar of SOPHIE, a semantic service-based choreography framework for overcoming conversational pattern mismatches in knowledge intensive environments. Consequently, the paper provides an overview of the framework that depicts its main building blocks, so a good understantind of the ontology and grammar that summarize the conceptual model is gained. Such ontology allows the desing and description of fully fledged choreographies that can be used, as a result of a mediation task, to produce the mediating structures that in fact allow dynamic service-to-service interoperation. Finally, a use case centred in the telcomunications field serves as proof of concept of how SOPHIE is being applied.

[Abstract

Sinuhe Arroyo, Miguel-Angel Sicilia and Juan Manuel Dodero

"Choreography Frameworks for Business Integration: Addressing Heterogeneous Semantics".

Choreography is an essential element of business integration that allows the modeling of the external behavior of services for a specific interchange or collaboration. Existing service-oriented technologies attempt to model such external visible behavior. However, they lack the decoupling and consistent semantic support required in heterogeneous B2B environments. This paper describes the practical application of SOPHIE, a semantic web service-based choreography framework, to generic Request for Quote (RFQ) and quote processes based on the OAGIS canonical model. In doing so, the paper has the objective of showing how existing limitations are overcome, by means of the intermediate structures that conciliate the heterogeneities between services from the semantic descriptions of the message exchange patterns (MEPs) they follow. The essential elements of the framework are briefly presented, describing compatibility in terms of ontology mapping, so the basis for understanding the applicability of the SOPHIE philosophy to general business integration is clear. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Abstract

Gonazalo Macarro, Sinuhe Arroyo, Miguel-Angel Sicilia and Rolando Armas

"Orchestrated Interactions in Learning Technology".

Learning technology has experienced a notable interoperability, transportability and reuse improvement powered by the evolution of metadata standards such as IEEE LOM and ADL SCORM. However, a number of critical issues still remain open that require further attention and in-depth research. The work presented in this paper focuses on specifying the means for enabling the automated interaction among learning services, their uses and intermediaries. In so doing, it understands their relations as scenarios that can easily be described and reused within a Web Services orchestration setting. In this context the IMS DRI specification can be used as departure point, which needs to be complemented with a fully fledged architecture that facilitates complete support for agile alignment of heterogeneous conversational patterns among scenario’s participants.

[Abstract, PDF 239 Kb

Sinuhe Arroyo

"A Semantic Service-based micro-learning framework".

Microleanring deals with relatively short small learning units and short-term focused activities. The applicability and impact of this novel learning technology can be greatly increased by incorporating rich semantics to the description of the subject learning units. In this paper Microlearning is put into the contest of the Semantic Web and Semantic Web Services with the aim of detailing a solid framework and reference SOA that uses the communication facilities of an ESB. The ultimate goal is to evaluate the applicability of the approach to the necessities and requirements posed by Microlearning.

[Abstract]

José Manuel López Cobo, Sinuhe Arroyo and Miguel-Angel Sicilia

"Making Learning Objects useful with Semantic Web Services".

The combination of Semantic Web technology and e-Learning opens new and interesting possibilities for the applicability and reuse of learning objects (LO). Concretely, the economic promises of the widespread use of the LO reuse paradigm require high levels of automation that ease the tasks of searching, selecting and composing relevant educational resources for the given needs. This also should take place in a loosely coupled environment in which semantic metadata becomes the key resource. Still, a number of issues need be dealt with for the agile discovery and composition of LO. In this paper, WSMO, one of the most relevant public Semantic Web Service specifications is reviewed with the aim of identifying required extensions that fulfil the requirements of LO handling. Furthermore, a reference Service-oriented architecture (SOA) that uses the communication facilities of a semantically enhanced Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) is sketched, with the aim of recognizing the different main building blocks required to support e-Learning and microlearning applications.

[Abstract]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Alistair Duke, José Manuel López Cobo and Miguel-Angel Sicilia

"A Model-driven Choreography Conceptual Framework".

A number of languages exist that try model the external visible behavior of services. However, they constitute incomplete solutions, either because, they do not include proper support for semantics, they have a lack of technological independence, they mix internal and external aspects and finally, they do not provide consistent approaches or present ad-hoc ones to solve behavioral and structural heterogeneities, or worse, they mix both aspects resulting in confusing specifications. This paper describes SOPHIE, a conceptual framework that attempts to overcome these limitations. It allows the production of the intermediate structures that allow overcoming the heterogeneities between services from the semantic descriptions of the Message Exchange Patterns (MEPs) they follow.

[Abstract]

Sinuhe Arroyo and Miguel-Angel Sicilia and José Manuel López Cobo

"Patterns of Message Interchange in Decoupled Hypermedia Systems".

Open hypermedia systems provide a decoupled approach to structural computing. This entails that the architecture of the systems are made up of user agents that communicate with distributed link servers. This in turn raises the consideration of the different message exchange patterns that may be implemented in such interaction, which determines the behaviour of systems according to them. The definition of such exchange patterns is critical if interoperability and flexibility are design objectives. This paper describes a structural model for such kind of message patterns, and provides a list of possible courses of interaction. Then, the influence of such heterogeneity of communication patterns is analyzed from the perspective of composing structure in hypermedia, and a framework for their integration is sketched. This represents a first attempt to advance current Service-Oriented specifications for decoupled hypermedia to cover the heterogeneity of potentially diverging system behaviours.

[Abstract]

Sinuhe Arroyo and Reto Kummenacher

"A Choreographed Approach for Ubiquitous and Pervasive Learning".

This chapter introduces a conceptual choreography framework and shows its tremendous interest for ubiquitous and pervasive applications. Choreography is the concept of describing the externally visible behavior of systems in form of message exchanges. As information of various sensors, services and user applications have to be integrated in ubiquitous and pervasive environments to provide seamless assistance to users; it is indispensable that means to map heterogeneous message exchange patterns and vocabularies are provided. The authors aim at giving the reader an understanding of the principles and technologies underlying the choreography framework of SOPHIE: semantic descriptions of message exchange patterns are used to overcome heterogeneity in communication regardless of the concrete application domain.

[Abstract]

Sinuhe Arroyo

"Basic Concepts in Choreography" in Semantic Web Services Processes and Applications. Edited by Dr. Jorge Cardoso and Dr. Amit Sheth. Springer Verlag.

Chapter 6 presents the main ideas and principles behind service choreography. Services need to interoperate with each other in order to realize the purposes of the software system they define by exchanging messages, which allow them to make or to respond to requests. Due to the heterogeneous technological, syntactic and semantic nature of services realizing semantic web processes, communication requirements become more complex, clearly necessitating a balance among interoperation and decoupling. In the context of providing support for choreography (i.e. the modeling of external, visible behavior of service interactions), a semantic layer could be supposed to provide the required convertibility between divergent specifications by the specification in machine-processable form of the message exchanging patterns (MEP). This chapter carefully reviews the main initiatives in the field pointing out their core characteristics and main drawbacks. Taking as starting point this analysis, the major driving principles and desire features, when it comes to modeling choreographies, are identified. Later, the most relevant challenges in the field, separation of models and support for semantic mediation are discussed. Based on this theoretical work, the core principles and architecture of a choreography engine that relies on the semantic description of MEPs to allow interoperation among heterogeneous services is presented. Finally, the concepts depicted on the framework as applied in the Assurance Integration Use case hosted by BT and part of the EU-funded project DIP are presented.

[Abstract, PDF 420 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo and José Manuel López Cobo

"SOPHIE – Architecture and Overall Algorithm of a Choreography Service" First Online Metadata and Semantics Research Conference (MTSR'05), 21-30 November 2005.

This paper describes the architecture of SOPHIE, a conceptual choreography framework, which attempts to provide a complete solution to the communication requirements of heterogeneous services. It allows the production of the intermediate structures (services) that allow overcoming the heterogeneities between services from the semantic descriptions of the conversational patterns they follow.

[Abstract, PDF 220 Kb]

Jos de Brujin, Ruben Lara, Sinuhe Arroyo, Juan Miguel Gomez, Sung-Kook Han and Dieter Fensel

"A Unified Semantic Web Services Architecture based on WSMF and UPML" International Journal on Web Engineering Technology. 2(2-3):148-180, 2005.

Current semantic web services lack reusability and conceptual separation between services and goals. We propose a unified architecture based on the principles of WSMF and UPML. We introduce goal- and domain-independent web services. Reuse is achieved through the use of bridges and refiners for goal, web service and domain descriptions.

[Abstract, PDF 420 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Han Sung-Kook Dieter Fensel Journal of Digital Information Management Vol. 3, No. 3, June 2005.

"Searching for Semantic Web Services - A Google-based Approach"

Semantic Web Service discovery and selection are a very time and resources consuming task. They require reasoning support for the matchmaking of the capabilities of services against user defined goals and constituent sub-goals, and for the mediation of the domain knowledge used to describe the different relevant aspects of services. This paper presents a performance study around the number of times the reasoner has to be used in nowadays initiatives. Such study lays the basis for an innovative approach inspired in the popular search engine Google, which tries to improve the performance of the whole process. The main idea is to carry the reasoning as an off-line task, storing the output for later reuse. It also elaborates on the idea of making service descriptions and goals available independently of registries or repositories, i.e. Web pages. Such idea permits to profit, extend and further reuse, well established concepts developed by popular search engines, thus assimilating service discovery and selection to any other type of search engine task.

[Abstract]

Sinuhe Arroyo, José Manuel López Cobo, Miguel-Angel Sicilia

"Structural models of patterns of message interchange in decoupled hypermedia systems" International Workshop on Peer to Peer and Service Oriented Hypermedia: Techniques and Systems in conjunction with the Sixteenth ACM Conference on Hyertext and Hypermedia, (HT'05)

Open hypermedia systems provide a decoupled approach to structural computing. This results in architectures in which user agents as browsers or other intermediate entities build the structure of hypermedia by communicating with distributed servers. This in turn raises the consideration of the different message exchange patterns that may be implemented, and the resulting behavior of systems according to them. This paper describes an structural model for such kind of message patterns, and provides a list of possible courses of interaction. Then, the influence of such heterogeneity of communication patterns is analyzed from the perspective of composing structure in hypermedia. This represents a first attempt to advance current Service-Oriented specifications for decoupled hypermedia to cover the heterogeneity of potential system behaviors.

[Abstract, PDF 56 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo and José-Manuel López Cobo

"Describing web services with semantic metadata" in International Journal on Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies. to appear

Web services are self-describing, self-contained applications that can be published, located, and invoked through common web protocols. Self-descriptions are in fact a form of metadata that provide details on the services offered. Semantic web services are, thus, an extension of such metadata-based descriptions to richer ontology-based description semantics. This paper provides an account on the main usage scenarios of semantic web services, as a roadmap for metadata research on the topic.

[Abstract, PDF 251 Kb]

Miguel-Angel Sicilia, Sinuhe Arroyo and José-Manuel López Cobo

"Semantic Web Service Architecture for Learning Object Repositories" in Advances in Electronic Business, Vol. 2. Theme: "Semantic Web and Intelligent Web Services

The evolution of learning technology standards has resulted in a degree of interoperability across systems that enable the interchange of learning contents and activities. Nonetheless, learning resource metadata does not provide formal computational semantics, which hampers the possibilities to develop technology that automates tasks like learning object selection and negotiation. In this paper, the provision of computational semantics to metadata is addressed from the perspective of the concept of Semantic Web Service. An architecture based on the specifications of the WSMO project is described, including the definition of an ontology for learning object metadata, and issues of mediation, all under the perspective of the Learning Object Repository as the central entity in learning object reuse scenarios. The resulting framework serves as a foundation for advanced implementations that consider formal metadata semantics as a mechanism for the automation of tasks related to the interchange of learning objects.

[Abstract,]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Alistair Duke

SOPHIE - A Conceptual model for a Semantic Choreography Framework

Choreography models the external visible behavior of services as a set of message exchanges that realize Message Exchange Patterns (MEP). A number of language exist that try to tackle the problem. However they constitute incomplete solutions, either because they lack of support of semantics, have a tight relation to the underlying communication framework, or mix structural, behavioral and operational aspects resulting in confusing specifications. This position paper defines a conceptual model for SOPHIE, a choreography engine for Semantic Web Services following a Semantic Service-Oriented Architecture. The conceptual model of SOPHIE is especially suitable for supporting the fine grained interaction among services with different structural, behavioral or operational models. A case study in the Telecommunication sector is presented.

[Abstract, PostScript 147 Kb, PDF 39 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Emilia Cimpian, John Domingue, Cristina Feier (ed.), Dieter Fensel, Birgitta König-Ries, Holger Lausen, Axel Polleres and Michael Stollberg

Web Service Modeling Ontology Primer

The Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) is an ontology for describing various aspects related to Semantic Web services. This primer is designed to provide the reader with the fundamental knowledge required to use WSMO effectively. It presents the basic concepts of WSMO with respect to the conceptual specification. It describes how to model ontologies, Web services, goals and mediators using the language devised for formalizing WSMO, the Web Service Modeling Language (WSML).

[Abstract, ]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Han Sung-Kook and Dieter Fensel

Searching for Semantic Web Services - A Google-based approach

Semantic Web Service discovery and selection are a very time and resources consuming task. They require reasoning support for the matchmaking of the capabilities of services against user defined goals and constituent sub-goals, and for the mediation of the domain knowledge used to describe the different relevant aspects of services. This paper presents a performance study around the number of times the reasoner has to be used in nowadays initiatives. Such study lays the ba-sis for an innovative approach inspired in the popular search engine Google, which tries to improve the performance of the whole process. The main idea is to carry the reasoning as an off-line task, storing the output for later reuse. It also elaborates on the idea of making service descriptions and goals available independently of registries or reposito-ries, i.e. Web pages. Such idea permits to profit, extend and further re-use, well established concepts developed by popular search e ngines, thus assimilating service discovery and selection to any other type of search engine task.

[Abstract, PostScript 209 Kb, PDF 70 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo and Michael Stollberg (eds.)

D17 WSMO Tutorial

This document comprises the WSMO Tutorial efforts. The tutorial is intended to disseminate the Web Service Modeling Ontology WSMO to worldwide audiences interested in Semantic Web Services. The tutorial is presented at several international events.earning object selection, using a subset of LOM as a case study.

[PDF 145 Kb a href="papers\Deliverables\WSMO\D17-20041004.ps">PS 354Kb]

Jose Manuel Lopez Cobo, Migue-Angel Sicilia and Sinuhe Arroyo

Specifying Learning Object-Based Goals and Capabilities with WSMO

The Web Service Modelling Ontology (WSMO) allows the definition of ontology{based Web Services in terms of capabilities and goals described by logical axioms. The concept of pre- and post-conditions mbodied in that capabilities have a correlate in the technique of learning object Design by Contract, pointing out to the adequacy of using SMO to model °exible learning object search and discovery processes. his paper describes how WSMO can be used to specify goals and capabilities for learning object selection, using a subset of LOM as a case tudy.

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Sinuhe Arroyo, Christoph Bussler, Jacek Kopeky, Rubén Lara, Axel Polleres and Michal Zaremba

Web Service Capabilities and Constraints in WSMO

This paper summarizes the necessities on the semantic modeling of Web Service constraints and capabilities from the viewpoint of the Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) working group. We will give a short motivating use case from the travel- ling domain which we shall use to classify possible capabilities and constraints to be described on the service and requester side.

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Sinuhe Arroyo, Ruben Lara, Juan Miguel Gomez, David Berka, Ying Ding and Dieter Fensel

Semantic Aspects of Web Services in Practical Handbook of Internet Computing

Semantics promise to lift the Web to its full potential. The combination of machine processable semantics provided by the Semantic Web with current Web service technologies have coined the term Semantic Web services. Semantic Web services offer the means to achieve a higher order level of value-added services by automat-ing the task driven assembly of inter-organization business logics, thus making the Internet become a global common platform where agents communicate among each other. This chapter provides an introduction to the Semantic Web and Semantic Web services paying special attention to its automation support. It details current initiatives in the UE and US, presents the most relevant frameworks towards the realization of a common platform for the automatic task driven composition of Web services, sketches a comparison among them to point out their weaknesses and strengths, and finally introduces the most relevant technologies to describe services together with their limitations.

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Jos de Brujin, Ying Ding Ruben Lara, Sinuhe Arroyo and Dieter Fensel

Semantic Information Integration in the COG Project

Information integration in enterprises is hindered by differences in software and hardware platforms and by syntactic and semantic differences in the schemas of the data sources. This is a well-known problem in the area of Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), where many applications have been developed for the purpose of information integration. Most current tools, however, only address the problems of (soft- and hardware) platform and syntactic heterogeneity; they fail to address semantic differences and only support one-to-one (syntactical) mappings between individual schemas. In this White Paper we present the approach to semantic information integration that was applies in the COG project. We describe the Semantic Information Management along with the Unicorn Workbench tool, part of the Unicorn System, and how they were applied in the project to solve the information integration problem. We used the Semantic Information Management Methodology and the Unicorn Workbench tool to create an Information Model (an ontology) based on data schemas taken from the automotive industry. We map these data schemas to the Information Model in order to make the meaning of the concepts in the data schemas explicit and relate them to each other, thereby creating an information architecture that provides a unified view of the data sources in the organization. We furthermore provide an extensive survey of other efforts in semantic information integration and a comparison with our approach in the COG project.

[PDF 1039 Kb]

Michael Stollberg, Holger Lausen, Sinuhe Arroyo, Reinhold Herzog, Peter Smolle and Dieter Fensel

FRED Whitepaper - An Agent Platform for the Semantic Web

This paper presents the FRED system, a development environment for agent-based applications that utilize Semantic Web resources. The FRED system consists of an agent runtime environment based on ontologies as the underlying data model and offers a tool suite for application development. It uses progressive technologies for task-service-resolution that detect suitable problem solving implementations to solve tasks assigned to agents. Furthermore, FRED allows integration of external Semantic Web Services into the system, thus admitting the assimilation of key technologies which is compulsory for creating Semantic Web applications. We give an overall description of the FRED system by describing its technological solutions, explain the system functionalities and relate this to contemporary approaches. The aim of this paper is to expose requirements on agent platforms for the Semantic Web and to show how these are attained in the FRED system.

[PostScript 2352 Kb, PDF 478 Kb]

Francisco Martín-Recuerda, Andreas Harth, Stefan Decker, Anna V. Zhdanova, Ying Ding, Michael Stollberg and Sinuhe Arroyo.

DIP - D2.1 Report on Requirements Analysis and State of the Art

This deliverable elaborates the requirements analysis for ontology management in the DIP project. It reports on the state of the art in ontology management, points out shortcomings of existing ontology management tools, and indicates the development requirements for ontology management in the DIP project. The technologies needed for ontology management comprise the ontology specification language used, devices for storage and retrieval of ontology specifications, versioning mechanisms for supporting evolution of ontologies, and finally devices for editing and browsing ontologies in a repository. In the course of DIP, the specific requirement is to enable handling of large-scale, geographically dispersed ontologies, allowing concurrent access and editing, and the tracking of changes in the specification of the ontologies, in order to provide versioning and evolution ontology facilities. The aim of this deliverable is to depict the requirements for achieving the outcomes we have specified here, and to outline the development directions for WP 2. Therefore, we begin by evaluating the state of the art in ontology management and show up the shortcomings of existing solutions. Taking these shortcomings into account, we then derive the development requirements for the ontology management environment of the DIP project, which will be the final outcome of WP 2.

[PDF 5399 Kb]

Uwe Keller, Anna V. Zhdanova and Sinuhe Arroyo.

Esperonto - D2.2 Report on Semantic Web Languages Evolution v2

This deliverable covers two objectives. First, it delineates the changes and evolution that have taken place in the Semantic Web Languages field since the last deliverable (D2.1), regarding the most important ontology langua ges that were introduced in D2.1, such as RDF/S, OIL, DAML+OIL, OWL. Second, this deliverable is intended to help in the decision making process of which Semantic Language to use in the Esperonto project. During the run-time of the Esperonto project, the objective of the deliverable 2.2 is to provide an up-to-date information about evolution of the Semantic Web languages and technologies supporting these languages.

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Sinuhe Arroyo, Ioan Toma, Dumitru Roman, Christian Drumm, Marin Dimitrov, Murray Spork, Gabor Nagypal, John Domingue and Jan Henke

DIP - D3.1 Report on State of the Art and Requirements analysis

This deliverable delineates the state of the art of on process, business, data and epistemological ontologies that are to be used within the DIP1 project. It presents the Semantic Web Service Usage process as a starting point to motivate the discussion, and to point out where each of the different ontologies fits. Further it introduces the different tools that currently help realizing the different parts of such usage process, and its relation with the different ontologies presented in the state-of-the-art, if any. Finally the requirements in terms of Service description and service requirements for DIP and Workpackage 3 of the DIP project are presented. The intended audience of the deliverable is mainly the DIP project partners, in particular those involved in Workpackage 3 and Workpackage 4. Nevertheless, anyone interested on Service description and how semantically achieve if, may find it of interest. In regard to the impact of this deliverable for DIP, it provides a detailed state of the art on the technology available to describe Services, pointing out the lack or young state of it, which can be considered the main output of the work.

[PostScript 3123 Kb, PDF 557 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Emilia Cimpian, Marin Dimitrov, John Domingue, Gabor Nagypal, Murray Spork and Laurentiu Vasiliu

DIP - D3.2 Service Description Framework

The purpose of this document is to describe the WSMO semantic description framework (WSMO-SDF) developed in WSMO group for the DIP1 project, to outline the role it will play in the DIP project, and to elaborate upon the various components of the framework. The WSMO-SDF is a conceptual framework for the description of services for the benefit of service consumers. We take the view that the WSMO-SDF is primarily intended for describing the public interface of services in order that service users may more readily and easily consume those services. The main outcome of this document will be a detailed elaboration of the service ontology requirements within DIP, how the service ontology is to be realized by the Web Services Modeling Ontology (WSMO) and finally how the WSMO-SDF relates to previous frameworks such as the WSMF. The components of the WSMO-SDF will be made concrete by several subsequent deliverables within work-package 3 of the DIP project2: Deliverable 3.3 is concerned with the Business Data Ontology, Deliverable 3.4 will refine and formalize the Process and Protocol Ontology and Deliverable 3.5 will present the Goal Ontology.

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Sinuhe Arroyo, Michael Stollberg and Ying Ding

WSMO - D3.1 WSMO Primer

The Web Service Modeling Ontology (WSMO) is an ontology for describing various aspects related to Semantic Web Services. The primer is designed to provide the reader with the fundamental knowledge required to effectively use WSMO. It presents the basic concepts of WSMO in regard to Version 0.2 of the language specification. It describes how to model goals and Web Services, further it shows how to model the different types of mediators introduced in the specification, together with the role played by ontologies in WSMO. Finally, it describes the content and purpose of other documents in the specification.

[PostScript 1644 Kb, PDF 244 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo

Esperonto - D2.2 Report on Semantic Web Languages Evolution

This deliverable covers two objectives. First, it delineates the changes and evolution that have taken place in the Semantic Web Languages field from the last deliverable (D2.1), regarding the most important languages introduced in D2.1, such as, RDF(s), OIL, DAML+OIL, OWL. Second, it tries to help in the decision making process of which Semantic Language to use in the Esperonto project. During the running of the project, this work package will be responsible for providing updated information about the evolution of these languages and technologies.

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Ying Ding and Sinuhe Arroyo

Esperonto - D2.1 State of the art on Semantic Web Languages

This deliverable delineates the state of the art of Semantic Web languages, which include SHOE, Ontobroker, XML(s), RDF(s), OIL, DAML+OIL, OWL and other related languages (DAML-S and Topic Maps) and technology. During the running of the project, this work package will be responsible for providing updated information about the evolution of these languages and technologies.

[PostScript 2532 Kb, PDF 491 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo, Ying Ding, Ruben Lara and Dieter Fensel.

Semantic Web Languages. Strengths and Weakness

Current Web suffers information overloading; it is becoming increasingly difficult and time consuming to obtain the desire information. Ontologies will provide the means to overcome such problem by providing meaning to the available data. Ontologies are the key concept behind the Semantic Web. They provide a shared and common understanding of a domain as data and information machine-processable semantics. In order to make the Semantic Web a reality and lift current Web to its full potential, powerful and expressive semantic languages are required. Such Web ontology languages must be able to describe and organize knowledge in the Web in a machine understandable way. However, taken into the extreme, organizing knowledge requires the facilities of a logical formalism, which can deal with temporal, spatial, epistemic, and inferential aspects of knowledge. Implementations of Web ontology languages must provide these inference services, making them much more than just simple data storage and retrieval systems. This paper presents a state of the art for the most relevant Semantic Web Languages: XML, RDF(s), OIL, DAML+OIL, and OWL, together with a detailed comparison based on modelling primitives and language to language characteristics. It also uses the W3C whish list to point their weaknesses and strengths.

[PostScript 1155 Kb, PDF 232 Kb]

Juan Manuel Dodero, Sinuhe Arroyo and Richard Benjamins

Dynamic Generation of Agent Communities from Distributed Production and Content-driven Delivery of Knowledge

In an agent-mediated distributed knowledge management system, knowledge is firstly produced and then delivered to a person or community of users that is interested in it. A common issue to this aim is the setting-up of communities that can drive the delivery of contents. In our study, knowledge-producing agents are arranged into separate interaction domains and a distributed interaction protocol is used to consolidate knowledge that is generated therein. Knowledge produced in this way can be used as the source data to dynamically build user communities that drive the delivery of knowledge amongst users. The multi-agent architecture presented here can be applied to the shared creation of various electronic resources, like learning objects, e-books or software artifacts.

[BibTeX ref., PostScript 821 Kb, PDF 153 Kb]

Juan Manuel Dodero and Sinuhe Arroyo

Dynamic Generation of User Communities with Participative Knowledge Production and Content-driven Delivery

In a distributed knowledge management system, knowledge is firstly produced and then delivered to a person or community of users that is interested in it. Knowledge creation or production is a set of cooperative tasks that need to be coordinated. A multiagent architecture is introduced for this aim, where knowledge-producing agents are arranged into knowledge domains or marts, and a distributed interaction protocol is used to consolidate knowledge that is generated. The knowledge that is produced in this way is used as the source data to dynamically build user communities that can drive the delivery of knowledge amongst users.

[BibTeX ref., PostScript 458 Kb, PDF 84 Kb]

Rubén Lara, Holger Lausen, Sinuhe Arroyo, Jos de Brujin and Dieter Fensel

Semantic Web Services: description requirements and current technologies

Semantic Web Services aim at providing a new level of functionality on top of current Web and current services, by enabling automatic discovery, composition, invocation and interoperation of Web Services. Different efforts are addressing some of the requirements to enable such next generation services, with different degree of success. Nevertheless, to achieve the main goals addressed by Semantic Web Services, a complete semantic description, supporting fully automation of discovery, composition, invocation and interoperation, must be defined. In this paper, a set of requirements on the information a Semantic Web Service must expose in order to fulfill these major objectives is presented. These requirements are related to the different initiatives in the area, and proposals for useful extension and combination of these efforts are related.

[PostScript 1292 Kb, PDF 197 Kb]

Sinuhe Arroyo

Okapi

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[BibTeX ref., PostScript 458 Kb, PDF 84 Kb]

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